// Gribouille comes from the typst-render preamble (assets/typst/_preamble.typ),
// so this file does not import it.
#let num(s) = if s == "NA" or s == "" { 0.0 } else { float(s) }
// Four slices of the renewable total, as a percentage of final energy. They do
// not overlap and they cover the whole. One dictionary binds each category to its
// Okabe-Ito colour, so the labels, the stacking order and the legend cannot
// drift apart. The ramp runs warm for old biomass to cool for new turbines.
#let cat-colours = (
"Traditional biomass": rgb("#e69f00"),
"Modern bioenergy": rgb("#009e73"),
"Hydropower": rgb("#56b4e9"),
"Wind & solar": rgb("#0072b2"),
)
#let cats = cat-colours.keys()
#let accent = rgb("#0f8b8d")
// A boxed callout. A translucent paper background and a hairline border lift the
// prose off the stacked bands. The paper colour comes from `page.fill`, which
// typst-render sets to the document background, so the box follows the light and
// dark toggle. A standalone compile sets no page fill, so white is the fallback.
#let callout(body) = context {
let bg = if page.fill in (auto, none) { white } else { page.fill }
box(
fill: bg.transparentize(12%),
inset: (x: 5pt, y: 3pt),
radius: 3pt,
stroke: 0.5pt + accent.transparentize(45%),
)[#body]
}
// One row per year and category, carrying the band bounds. geom-area draws every
// band from y = 0, so stacked areas would paint over each other. geom-ribbon
// with explicit bounds stacks them honestly.
#let panel(country, annotations) = defer(
plot,
data: csv("data/energy_cleaned.csv", row-type: dictionary)
.filter(row => row.country_name == country)
.map(row => {
let y = float(row.yr)
let shares = (
"Traditional biomass": num(row.traditional_biomass_consumption_tfec_pct),
"Modern bioenergy": num(row.modern_biomass_energy_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.biogas_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.liquid_biofuels_energy_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.waste_energy_consumption_tfec_pct),
"Hydropower": num(row.hydro_energy_consumption_tfec_pct),
"Wind & solar": num(row.wind_energy_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.solar_energy_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.geothermal_energy_consumption_tfec_pct)
+ num(row.marine_energy_consumption_tfec_pct),
)
cats
.fold((acc: 0.0, out: ()), (st, c) => {
let hi = st.acc + shares.at(c)
(
acc: hi,
out: st.out + ((year: y, category: c, ymin: st.acc, ymax: hi),),
)
})
.out
})
.flatten(),
mapping: aes(x: "year", ymin: "ymin", ymax: "ymax", fill: "category"),
layers: (geom-ribbon(alpha: 1),) + annotations,
scales: scales(
x: scale-continuous(breaks: (1990, 2000, 2010), expand: (0%, 0%)),
y: scale-continuous(expand: (0%, auto)),
fill: scale-discrete(
limits: cats,
palette: cat-colours.values(),
// One definition per category, in the order of `cats`. Each names the raw
// columns summed above, so the legend says what every band holds.
labels: (
[#strong[Traditional biomass] \ wood, charcoal & dung for cooking],
[#strong[Modern bioenergy] \ biogas, biofuels & waste-to-energy],
[#strong[Hydropower] \ electricity from flowing water],
[#strong[Wind & solar] \ plus geothermal & marine],
),
),
),
labels: labels(title: country, x: none, y: "% Final Energy", fill: none),
theme: theme-minimal(axis-ticks: element-tick(length: 0.1cm)),
)
#box[
#compose(
// In-panel callouts: the total renewable share at each end, and a one-line
// reason in the empty corner. The text takes the theme ink, so it follows
// the toggle.
panel("Vietnam", (
annotate("label", x: 1990.2, y: 79, label: "76%", size: 9pt, anchor: "west"),
annotate("label", x: 2009.8, y: 42, label: "35%", size: 9pt, anchor: "east"),
annotate(
"typst",
x: 2009.6,
y: 70,
label: callout[
#text(
fill: cat-colours.at("Traditional biomass"),
weight: "semibold"
)[Traditional biomass] #emph[for cooking] \
#emph[fades as fossil fuels spread]
],
size: 6.5pt,
anchor: "east",
),
)),
panel("Germany", (
annotate("label", x: 1990.2, y: 2.5, label: "2%", size: 9pt, anchor: "west"),
annotate("label", x: 2009.8, y: 11.4, label: "11%", size: 9pt, anchor: "east"),
annotate(
"typst",
x: 1990.2,
y: 9.6,
label: callout[
#text(
fill: cat-colours.at("Modern bioenergy"),
weight: "semibold"
)[Modern bioenergy],
#emph[then]
#text(
fill: cat-colours.at("Wind & solar"),
weight: "semibold"
)[wind & solar], \
#emph[built from almost nothing]
],
size: 6.5pt,
anchor: "west",
),
)),
layout: "grid",
columns: 2,
collect: ("fill",),
// Each key carries a two-line definition, so four in one row stand wider than
// the panels. Two columns keep the legend inside the figure.
guides: guides(default: guide-legend(position: "bottom", ncolumn: 2)),
gutter: 1cm,
width: auto,
height: auto,
labels: labels(
title: "What \"Renewable Energy\" Means Depends on How Rich a Country Is",
subtitle: "Renewable share of final energy use, by source, 1990 to 2010.",
caption: typst([
Source: Sustainable Energy for All (TidyTuesday 2026-05-26). \
Author: #link("https://mickael.canouil.fr")[Mickaël CANOUIL].
])
),
)
#place(top + center, dx: 10pt, dy: 2cm)[
#set align(center)
#set text(size: 8pt, style: "italic", fill: accent)
As incomes rise, \ two roads diverge
#v(2pt)
#box(inset: (x: 2pt))[
#text(size: 30pt, fill: cat-colours.at("Traditional biomass"))[↓]
#h(-5pt)
#text(size: 30pt, fill: cat-colours.at("Wind & solar"))[↑]
]
]
]
